ISSN 0189-1774
 
2025, Vol: 23, Issue: 2
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Narrative Review
Online Published: 31 Dec 2025
 


Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?

Mohammed Yusuf Mahmood, Abdulhakeem Shu'aib, Yesiru Adeyemi Kareem, Ruqayyah Abubakar Muhammad, Zainab Bukar Yaganami, Umar Baba Musami, Falmata Baba Shettima, Abdurrahman Ashir, Ibrahim Wakawa Abdu.

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    • Abstract
    Introduction:
    The Presidential assent of Nigeria’s first indigenous Mental Health bill midwifed the National Mental Health Act, 2021 (NMHA). This Act aims to align with international best practices, as outlined in international legislative documents such as the World Health Organization (WHO) Checklist on Mental Health Legislation 2005, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), etc. This narrative review aims to compare the NMHA with the WHO checklist, towards identifying possible lacunae.

    Methods:
    The authors conducted an in-depth examination and analysis, comparing the five parts of the NMHA across the major areas identified by the WHO Checklist, which includes the preamble, definitions, access to services, and rights of service users, among the other 23 criteria in the WHO Checklist 2005.

    Results:
    Firstly, while the WHO checklist requires that MHAs have a preamble stressing the importance of accessible mental health services, the NMHA lacks one. Additionally, although the NMHA provides definitions for terms like ‘mental health condition’ and ‘mental and psychological disability,’ it does not include a definition of ‘mental illness’ or ‘disorder’ as required in the checklist. Furthermore, the Act does not address access to health insurance, and there is no detailed comprehensive framework for addressing emergencies within the context of mental health care, especially in the community.

    Conclusion:
    Progress has been made in modernizing mental health legislation in Nigeria through the NMHA. While the Act addresses mental health services and upholds rights, there are areas for improvement identified by this review in line with the WHO checklist. Therefore, this review can be handy in guiding future legislative efforts towards meeting global best practices

    Key words: Comparative analysis, Lacunae, National Mental Health Act 2021, World Health Organization, Checklist, Mental Health Legislation.


    		 
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    How to Cite this Article
    Pubmed Style

    Mahmood MY, Shuaib A, Kareem YA, Muhammad RA, Yaganami ZB, Musami UB, Shettima FB, Ashir A, Abdu IW. Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?. NJP. Online First: 31 Dec, 2025. doi:10.5455/NJP.242130

    Web Style

    Mahmood MY, Shuaib A, Kareem YA, Muhammad RA, Yaganami ZB, Musami UB, Shettima FB, Ashir A, Abdu IW. Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?. https://nigerianjournalofpsychiatry.com/?mno=242130 [Access: January 01, 2026]. doi:10.5455/NJP.242130

    AMA (American Medical Association) Style

    Mahmood MY, Shuaib A, Kareem YA, Muhammad RA, Yaganami ZB, Musami UB, Shettima FB, Ashir A, Abdu IW. Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?. NJP. Online First: 31 Dec, 2025. doi:10.5455/NJP.242130


    Vancouver/ICMJE Style

    Mahmood MY, Shuaib A, Kareem YA, Muhammad RA, Yaganami ZB, Musami UB, Shettima FB, Ashir A, Abdu IW. Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?. NJP, [cited January 01, 2026]; Online First: 31 Dec, 2025. doi:10.5455/NJP.242130


    Harvard Style

    Mahmood, M. Y., Shuaib, . A., Kareem, . Y. A., Muhammad, . R. A., Yaganami, . Z. B., Musami, . U. B., Shettima, . F. B., Ashir, . A. & Abdu, . I. W. (2025) Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?. NJP, Online First: 31 Dec, 2025. doi:10.5455/NJP.242130


    Turabian Style

    Mahmood, Mohammed Yusuf, Abdulhakeem Shuaib, Yesiru Adeyemi Kareem, Ruqayyah Abubakar Muhammad, Zainab Bukar Yaganami, Umar Baba Musami, Falmata Baba Shettima, Abdurrahman Ashir, and Ibrahim Wakawa Abdu. 2025. Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?. Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry, Online First: 31 Dec, 2025. doi:10.5455/NJP.242130


    Chicago Style

    Mahmood, Mohammed Yusuf, Abdulhakeem Shuaib, Yesiru Adeyemi Kareem, Ruqayyah Abubakar Muhammad, Zainab Bukar Yaganami, Umar Baba Musami, Falmata Baba Shettima, Abdurrahman Ashir, and Ibrahim Wakawa Abdu. "Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?." Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry Online First: 31 Dec, 2025. doi:10.5455/NJP.242130


    MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

    Mahmood, Mohammed Yusuf, Abdulhakeem Shuaib, Yesiru Adeyemi Kareem, Ruqayyah Abubakar Muhammad, Zainab Bukar Yaganami, Umar Baba Musami, Falmata Baba Shettima, Abdurrahman Ashir, and Ibrahim Wakawa Abdu. "Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?." Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry Online First: 31 Dec, 2025. Web. 01 Jan 2026 doi:10.5455/NJP.242130


    APA (American Psychological Association) Style

    Mahmood, M. Y., Shuaib, . A., Kareem, . Y. A., Muhammad, . R. A., Yaganami, . Z. B., Musami, . U. B., Shettima, . F. B., Ashir, . A. & Abdu, . I. W. (2025) Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s National Mental Health Act, 2021 and the World Health Organization Checklist on Legislation (2005): Any Lacuna?. Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry, Online First: 31 Dec, 2025. doi:10.5455/NJP.242130


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